• Photo of Actaea racemosa (Actaea racemosas)

Plant Profile: Actaea racemosa

Taxonomy: Actaea racemosa

Names

Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Bugbane, Common Black Cohosh, Fairy Candles

  • Photo of Actaea racemosa (Actaea racemosas)

Phonetic Spelling:ak-TAY-ah ray-see-MO-sah

Genus:Actaea

Species:racemosa

Family:Ranunculaceae

Black Cohosh is a tall, rhizomatous perennial that originates from eastern North America. It thrives in various woodland environments, ranging from Maine down to Georgia and extending westward to Missouri and Arkansas. This plant favors rich, moisture-retentive soils and typically grows best in partial to full shade, although it can take time to become established. Ideally, it benefits from 2 to 3 hours of morning sunlight; insufficient light may hinder its ability to bloom. It should be planted in a sheltered location, as it can reach heights of six feet or more and is susceptible to strong winds.

This plant serves as a striking vertical element at the back of a shady cottage garden or woodland area. Its attractive foliage is complemented by eye-catching flowers, which give way to intriguing seedheads. While the flowers emit an unpleasant, somewhat medicinal scent, the seedheads are often incorporated into floral arrangements. Additionally, Black Cohosh is appealing to wildlife.

In terms of pests and diseases, this plant may occasionally face issues with rust and leaf spot.

For further details on Actaea, please refer to additional resources.

Actaea racemosa Feature Summary

Actaea racemosa Image Gallery

Tags

#white
#perennial
#white flowers
#wildlife plant
#shade tolerant
#herb garden
#fire
#medium flammability
#NC native
#insect pest tolerant
#Azure butterfly
#deer resistant
#native garden
#native wildflower
#wildflower garden
#larval host plant
#food source summer
#food source herbage
#food source pollen
#bird friendly
#food source hard mast fruit
#butterfly friendly
#butterfly larvae
#pollinators
#pollinator garden
#bee friendly
#audubon
#appalachian azure butterfly

Similar Plants

Actaea racemosa Feature Summary

Attributes
Its roots and tubers were used medicinally by Native Americans. It continues to be used in herbal medicine today, although it has not been widely researched, and is not recommended as an effective treatment for any specific medical conditions. Also used to make insect repellant.
USA: AL , AR , CT , DC , DE , GA , IA , IL , IN , KY , MA , MD , ME , MI , MO , MS , NC , NJ , NY , OH , PA , SC , TN , VA , WV Canada: ON , QC
It is a host plant for Spring Azure, Holly Blue, and Appalacian Azure (Celastrina neglectamajor) butterflies/larvae. As in the butterfly's name, Appalachian Azure's flights are only in the Appalachians which occur just once a year in May to June. Interestingly, the caterpillars are known for eating flowers (versus what many people think of caterpillars eating leaves).
This plant is highly resistant to damage from deer.
Perennial
Attractive Flowers
medium flammability
Fruit
Small dry seed pods from July to September.
Follicle
Green
Brown/Copper
White
< 1 inch
Flowers
Hundreds of tiny fluffy-looking creamy white flowers on 1-2 foot long racemes have no petals but consist of tight clusters of many stamens surrounding a white stigma. It has an unpleasant aroma. Flowering occurs from May to August.
< 1 inch
Leaves
The basal leaves are up to 3 ft long and broad, forming repeated sets of tripinnately compound leaflets. The terminal leaflet is usually 3-lobed. Leaflets are obovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-5 lobed, with the margins toothed or incised.
Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
Lobed
Serrate
> 6 inches
> 6 inches
Stem
The flower stem is green to purplish
Purple/Lavender
Green
Smooth (glabrous)
Whole Plant Traits
Perennial
Native Plant
Wildflower
Herb
Medium
Cultural Conditions
Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day)
Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight)
Acid (<6.0)
Neutral (6.0-8.0)
Good Drainage
Moist
Coastal
Mountains
Piedmont
4a
4b
5b
5a
6a
6b
7a
7b
8b
8a
3a
3b
High Organic Matter
Landscape
Butterfly Garden
Pollinator Garden
Rain Garden
Cottage Garden
Native Garden
Border
Small groups
Woodland
Meadow
Naturalized Area
Butterflies
Pollinators
Songbirds
Hummingbirds

Actaea racemosa Attributes

Actaea racemosa: Uses (Ethnobotany)

Its roots and tubers were used medicinally by Native Americans. It continues to be used in herbal medicine today, although it has not been widely researched, and is not recommended as an effective treatment for any specific medical conditions. Also used to make insect repellant.

Actaea racemosa: Country Or Region Of Origin

SE USA

Actaea racemosa: Distribution

USA: AL , AR , CT , DC , DE , GA , IA , IL , IN , KY , MA , MD , ME , MI , MO , MS , NC , NJ , NY , OH , PA , SC , TN , VA , WV Canada: ON , QC

Actaea racemosa: Wildlife Value

It is a host plant for Spring Azure, Holly Blue, and Appalacian Azure (Celastrina neglectamajor) butterflies/larvae. As in the butterfly's name, Appalachian Azure's flights are only in the Appalachians which occur just once a year in May to June. Interestingly, the caterpillars are known for eating flowers (versus what many people think of caterpillars eating leaves).

Actaea racemosa: Particularly Resistant To (Insects/Diseases/Other Problems)

This plant is highly resistant to damage from deer.

Actaea racemosa: Life Cycle

Annual
Biennial
Bulb
Perennial
Woody

Actaea racemosa: Recommended Propagation Strategy

Division
Grafting
Layering
Leaf Cutting
Root Cutting
Seed
Stem Cutting

Actaea racemosa: Play Value

Attractive Flowers
Attracts Pollinators
Buffer
Colorful
Defines Paths
Easy to Grow
Edible fruit
Fragrance
Pieces Used in Games
Screening
Shade
Sound
Textural
Wildlife Cover/Habitat
Wildlife Food Source
Wildlife Larval Host
Wildlife Nesting
Wind Break
Wind Shimmer

Actaea racemosa: Fire Risk Rating

extreme flammability
high flammability
low flammability
medium flammability

Actaea racemosa Fruit

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Description

Small dry seed pods from July to September.

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Type

Achene
Aggregate
Berry
Capsule
Caryopsis
Drupe
Follicle
Legume
Nut
Pome
Samara
Schizocarp
Siliqua

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Color

grass
Brown/Copper
grass
Green
grass
White

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Value To Gardener

Edible
Fragrant
Good Cut
Good Dried
Long Bloom Season
Long-lasting
Showy

Actaea racemosa: Display/Harvest Time

Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Length

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
> 3 inches

Actaea racemosa: Fruit Width

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
> 3 inches

Actaea racemosa Flowers

Actaea racemosa: Flower Description

Hundreds of tiny fluffy-looking creamy white flowers on 1-2 foot long racemes have no petals but consist of tight clusters of many stamens surrounding a white stigma. It has an unpleasant aroma. Flowering occurs from May to August.

Actaea racemosa: Flower Color

filter_vintage
White

Actaea racemosa: Flower Inflorescence

Catkin
Corymb
Cyme
Head
Insignificant
Panicle
Raceme
Solitary
Spadix
Spike
Umbel

Actaea racemosa: Flower Value To Gardener

Edible
Fragrant
Good Cut
Good Dried
Long Bloom Season
Long-lasting
Showy

Actaea racemosa: Flower Bloom Time

Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall

Actaea racemosa: Flower Shape

Bell
Cross
Crown
Cup
Dome
Funnel
Irregular
Lipped
Radial
Saucer
Star
Trumpet
Tubular
Urn
Wheel

Actaea racemosa: Flower Size

1-3 inches
3-6 inches
< 1 inch
> 6 inches

Actaea racemosa Leaves

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Description

The basal leaves are up to 3 ft long and broad, forming repeated sets of tripinnately compound leaflets. The terminal leaflet is usually 3-lobed. Leaflets are obovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-5 lobed, with the margins toothed or incised.

Actaea racemosa: Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics

Broadleaf Evergreen
Deciduous
Needled Evergreen
Semi-evergreen

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Color

spa
Green

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Type

Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
Fronds
Needles
Sheath
Simple

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Arrangement

Alternate
Opposite
Other/more complex
Rosulate
Whorled

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Shape

Acicular
Auriculate
Cordate
Cuneate
Deltoid
Elliptical
Filiform
Lanceolate
Linear
Oblanceolate
Oblong
Obovate
Obtuse
Orbicular
Ovate
Palmasect
Palmatifid
Peltate
Pinnatifid
Pinnatisect
Reniform
Rhomboidal
Spatulate
Subcordate
Subulate

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Margin

Crenate
Crenulate
Dentate
Denticulate
Doubly Crenate
Doubly Dentate
Doubly Serrate
Entire
Lobed
Serrate
Sinuate
Undulate

Actaea racemosa: Hairs Present

No
Yes

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Length

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
3-6 inches
> 6 inches

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Value To Gardener

Edible
Fragrant
Good Cut
Good Dried
Long-lasting
Showy

Actaea racemosa: Leaf Width

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
3-6 inches
> 6 inches

Actaea racemosa Stem

Actaea racemosa: Stem Description

The flower stem is green to purplish

Actaea racemosa: Stem Color

grass
Green
grass
Purple/Lavender

Actaea racemosa: Stem Is Aromatic

No
Yes

Actaea racemosa: Stem Surface

Corky Ridges
Covered with a powdery bloom (glaucous)
Dull
Hairy (pubescent)
Polished
Smooth (glabrous)

Actaea racemosa Whole Plant Traits

Actaea racemosa: Plant Type

Annual
Bulb
Carnivorous
Edible
Epiphyte
Fern
Ground Cover
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Houseplant
Mushroom
Native Plant
Ornamental Grasses and Sedges
Perennial
Poisonous
Rose
Shrub
Succulent
Tree
Turfgrass
Vegetable
Vine
Water Plant
Weed
Wildflower

Actaea racemosa: Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics

Broadleaf Evergreen
Deciduous
Needled Evergreen
Semi-evergreen

Actaea racemosa: Habit/Form

Arching
Ascending
Broad
Cascading
Climbing
Clumping
Columnar
Conical
Creeping
Dense
Erect
Horizontal
Irregular
Mounding
Multi-stemmed
Multi-trunked
Open
Oval
Prostrate
Pyramidal
Rounded
Spreading
Vase
Weeping

Actaea racemosa: Growth Rate

Slow
Medium
Rapid

Actaea racemosa: Maintenance

Low
Medium
High

Actaea racemosa: Texture

Fine
Medium
Coarse

Actaea racemosa Cultural Conditions

Actaea racemosa: Light

Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day)
Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight)
Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)

Actaea racemosa: Soil pH

Acid (<6.0)
Alkaline (>8.0)
Neutral (6.0-8.0)

Actaea racemosa: Soil Drainage

Frequent Standing Water
Good Drainage
Moist
Occasional Flooding
Occasionally Dry
Occasionally Wet
Very Dry

Actaea racemosa: NC Region

Coastal
Mountains
Piedmont

Actaea racemosa: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone

thermostat
3a
thermostat
3b
thermostat
4a
thermostat
4b
thermostat
5a
thermostat
5b
thermostat
6a
thermostat
6b
thermostat
7a
thermostat
7b
thermostat
8a
thermostat
8b

Actaea racemosa: Soil Texture

Clay
High Organic Matter
Loam (Silt)
Sand
Shallow Rocky

Actaea racemosa Landscape

Actaea racemosa: Landscape Theme

Asian Garden
Butterfly Garden
Children's Garden
Cottage Garden
Cutting Garden
Drought Tolerant Garden
Edible Garden
English Garden
Fairy Garden
Garden for the Blind
Native Garden
Nighttime Garden
Pollinator Garden
Rain Garden
Rock Garden
Shade Garden
Water Garden
Winter Garden

Actaea racemosa: Design Feature

Accent
Barrier
Border
Flowering Tree
Foundation Planting
Hedge
Mass Planting
Screen/Privacy
Security
Shade Tree
Small groups
Small Tree
Specimen
Street Tree
Understory Tree

Actaea racemosa: Resistance To Challenges

Black Walnut
Compaction
Deer
Diseases
Drought
Dry Soil
Erosion
Fire
Foot Traffic
Heat
Heavy Shade
Humidity
Insect Pests
Pollution
Poor Soil
Rabbits
Salt
Slugs
Squirrels
Storm damage
Urban Conditions
Voles
Wet Soil
Wind

Actaea racemosa: Landscape Location

Coastal
Container
Hanging Baskets
Houseplants
Lawn
Meadow
Naturalized Area
Near Septic
Patio
Pond
Pool/Hardscape
Recreational Play Area
Riparian
Rock Wall
Slope/Bank
Small Space
Vertical Spaces
Walkways
Woodland

Actaea racemosa: Attracts

Bats
Bees
Butterflies
Frogs
Hummingbirds
Moths
Pollinators
Predatory Insects
Reptiles
Small Mammals
Songbirds
Specialized Bees