• Photo of Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynum androsaemifoliums)

Plant Profile: Apocynum androsaemifolium

Taxonomy: Apocynum androsaemifolium

Names

Bitter Root, Dogbane, Dogbane Hemp, Indian Hemp, Spreading Dogbane

  • Photo of Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynum androsaemifoliums)

Phonetic Spelling:a-POS-ih-num and-row-say-me-fol-ee-um

Genus:Apocynum

Species:androsaemifolium

Family:Apocynaceae

Spreading Dogbane is a perennial wildflower that thrives across North America, particularly in the mountainous regions of North Carolina. It can be found in various habitats, including forests, woodlands, forest edges, prairies, meadows, and fields. This plant features numerous small, fragrant, pink flowers that droop slightly and are adorned with deeper pink stripes on the inside. Typically growing to a height of 2 to 3 feet, it takes on a bushy appearance and spreads rapidly through underground rhizomes, making it unsuitable for smaller garden spaces.

This species prefers average to dry environments, flourishing in sandy to rocky soils, though it can also adapt to loamy conditions in both sunny and shaded areas. While it was previously believed to serve as a host plant for monarch butterfly larvae, those that are laid on it do not survive. Nevertheless, its nectar provides an excellent food source for various pollinators.

Ideal planting locations for Spreading Dogbane include woodland gardens, pollinator gardens, or naturalized areas.

Apocynum androsaemifolium Feature Summary

Apocynum androsaemifolium Image Gallery

Tags

#showy flowers
#poisonous
#pink flowers
#native perennial
#nectar plant
#NC native
#summer flowers
#pollinator plant
#native wildflower
#dry soils tolerant
#partial shade tolerant
#problem for cats
#poisonous to dogs
#problem for dogs
#problem for horses

Similar Plants

Apocynum androsaemifolium Feature Summary

Attributes
Fiber from the plant was used by Native Americans as thread
AK , AL , AR , AZ , CA , CO , CT , DC , DE , GA , IA , ID , IL , IN , MA , MD , ME , MI , MN , MO , MT , NC , ND , NE , NH , NJ , NM , NV , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SD , TN , TX , UT , VA , VT , WA , WI , WV , WY Canada: AB , BC , MB , NB , NL , NS , ON , PE , QC , SK
Attracts pollinators.
Perennial
Fruit
Follicles are 3-6" long and narrowly cylindrical. They split open at maturity to release small seeds with tufts of hair that are dispersed by the wind.
Follicle
> 3 inches
1-3 inches
Flowers
Numerous small pink, nodding, bell-like flowers, fragrant and striped inside with deeper pink on terminal cymes. June to Aug.
Pink
White
4-5 petals/rays
< 1 inch
Leaves
Simple, oval, opposite leaves 1 1/2"-4" long 1/2"-2" wide, entire margins. Undersides are paler and may have hairs. Acute apex and a rounded base. Yellow fall color.
Elliptical
Ovate
Oblong
Lanceolate
3-6 inches
1-3 inches
Stem
The stems are light green to red, glabrous, and terete containing milky sap.
Green
Red/Burgundy
Smooth (glabrous)
Poisonous to Humans
Cardiac Arrest, nausea, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea. The milky sap from stems can cause blisters on skin.
Cardiac glycosides and others
Seeds
Leaves
Sap/Juice
Flowers
Fruits
Whole Plant Traits
Herbaceous Perennial
Native Plant
Poisonous
Wildflower
Multi-stemmed
Erect
Spreading
Cultural Conditions
Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)
Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day)
Good Drainage
Occasionally Dry
Coastal
Mountains
Piedmont
4a
4b
5b
5a
6a
6b
7a
7b
8b
8a
3a
3b
9a
9b
Loam (Silt)
Sand
Shallow Rocky
Landscape
Drought Tolerant Garden
Pollinator Garden
Native Garden
Shade Garden
Woodland
Naturalized Area
Pollinators
Poisonous to Humans
Problem for Cats
Problem for Dogs
Problem for Horses
Problem for Children

Apocynum androsaemifolium Attributes

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Uses (Ethnobotany)

Fiber from the plant was used by Native Americans as thread

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Country Or Region Of Origin

North America

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Distribution

AK , AL , AR , AZ , CA , CO , CT , DC , DE , GA , IA , ID , IL , IN , MA , MD , ME , MI , MN , MO , MT , NC , ND , NE , NH , NJ , NM , NV , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SD , TN , TX , UT , VA , VT , WA , WI , WV , WY Canada: AB , BC , MB , NB , NL , NS , ON , PE , QC , SK

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Wildlife Value

Attracts pollinators.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Life Cycle

Annual
Biennial
Bulb
Perennial
Woody

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Recommended Propagation Strategy

Division
Grafting
Layering
Leaf Cutting
Root Cutting
Seed
Stem Cutting

Apocynum androsaemifolium Fruit

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Fruit Description

Follicles are 3-6" long and narrowly cylindrical. They split open at maturity to release small seeds with tufts of hair that are dispersed by the wind.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Fruit Type

Achene
Aggregate
Berry
Capsule
Caryopsis
Drupe
Follicle
Legume
Nut
Pome
Samara
Schizocarp
Siliqua

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Display/Harvest Time

Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Fruit Length

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
> 3 inches

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Fruit Width

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
> 3 inches

Apocynum androsaemifolium Flowers

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Description

Numerous small pink, nodding, bell-like flowers, fragrant and striped inside with deeper pink on terminal cymes. June to Aug.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Color

filter_vintage
Pink
filter_vintage
White

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Inflorescence

Catkin
Corymb
Cyme
Head
Insignificant
Panicle
Raceme
Solitary
Spadix
Spike
Umbel

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Value To Gardener

Edible
Fragrant
Good Cut
Good Dried
Long Bloom Season
Long-lasting
Showy

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Bloom Time

Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Petals

2-3 rays/petals
4-5 petals/rays
6 petals/rays
7 - 20 petals/rays
asymmetrical petals
Bracts
Colored Sepals
fused petals
more than 20 petals/rays
Tepals

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Shape

Bell
Cross
Crown
Cup
Dome
Funnel
Irregular
Lipped
Radial
Saucer
Star
Trumpet
Tubular
Urn
Wheel

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Flower Size

1-3 inches
3-6 inches
< 1 inch
> 6 inches

Apocynum androsaemifolium Leaves

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Description

Simple, oval, opposite leaves 1 1/2"-4" long 1/2"-2" wide, entire margins. Undersides are paler and may have hairs. Acute apex and a rounded base. Yellow fall color.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics

Broadleaf Evergreen
Deciduous
Needled Evergreen
Semi-evergreen

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Color

spa
Green

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Deciduous Leaf Fall Color

spa
Gold/Yellow

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Type

Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
Fronds
Needles
Sheath
Simple

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Arrangement

Alternate
Opposite
Other/more complex
Rosulate
Whorled

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Shape

Acicular
Auriculate
Cordate
Cuneate
Deltoid
Elliptical
Filiform
Lanceolate
Linear
Oblanceolate
Oblong
Obovate
Obtuse
Orbicular
Ovate
Palmasect
Palmatifid
Peltate
Pinnatifid
Pinnatisect
Reniform
Rhomboidal
Spatulate
Subcordate
Subulate

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Margin

Crenate
Crenulate
Dentate
Denticulate
Doubly Crenate
Doubly Dentate
Doubly Serrate
Entire
Lobed
Serrate
Sinuate
Undulate

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Hairs Present

No
Yes

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Length

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
3-6 inches
> 6 inches

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Leaf Width

< 1 inch
1-3 inches
3-6 inches
> 6 inches

Apocynum androsaemifolium Stem

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Stem Description

The stems are light green to red, glabrous, and terete containing milky sap.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Stem Color

grass
Green
grass
Red/Burgundy

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Stem Is Aromatic

No
Yes

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Stem Cross Section

Angular
Oval
Round
Square

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Stem Surface

Corky Ridges
Covered with a powdery bloom (glaucous)
Dull
Hairy (pubescent)
Polished
Smooth (glabrous)

Apocynum androsaemifolium Poisonous to Humans

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Poison Symptoms

Cardiac Arrest, nausea, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea. The milky sap from stems can cause blisters on skin.

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Poison Toxic Principle

Cardiac glycosides and others

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Poison Severity

High
Low
Medium

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Causes Contact Dermatitis

No
Yes

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Poison Part

Bark
Flowers
Fruits
Leaves
Roots
Sap/Juice
Seeds
Stems

Apocynum androsaemifolium Whole Plant Traits

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Plant Type

Annual
Bulb
Carnivorous
Edible
Epiphyte
Fern
Ground Cover
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Houseplant
Mushroom
Native Plant
Ornamental Grasses and Sedges
Perennial
Poisonous
Rose
Shrub
Succulent
Tree
Turfgrass
Vegetable
Vine
Water Plant
Weed
Wildflower

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics

Broadleaf Evergreen
Deciduous
Needled Evergreen
Semi-evergreen

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Habit/Form

Arching
Ascending
Broad
Cascading
Climbing
Clumping
Columnar
Conical
Creeping
Dense
Erect
Horizontal
Irregular
Mounding
Multi-stemmed
Multi-trunked
Open
Oval
Prostrate
Pyramidal
Rounded
Spreading
Vase
Weeping

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Growth Rate

Slow
Medium
Rapid

Apocynum androsaemifolium Cultural Conditions

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Light

Dappled Sunlight (Shade through upper canopy all day)
Deep shade (Less than 2 hours to no direct sunlight)
Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours)

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Soil Drainage

Frequent Standing Water
Good Drainage
Moist
Occasional Flooding
Occasionally Dry
Occasionally Wet
Very Dry

Apocynum androsaemifolium: NC Region

Coastal
Mountains
Piedmont

Apocynum androsaemifolium: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone

thermostat
3a
thermostat
3b
thermostat
4a
thermostat
4b
thermostat
5a
thermostat
5b
thermostat
6a
thermostat
6b
thermostat
7a
thermostat
7b
thermostat
8a
thermostat
8b
thermostat
9a
thermostat
9b

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Soil Texture

Clay
High Organic Matter
Loam (Silt)
Sand
Shallow Rocky

Apocynum androsaemifolium Landscape

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Landscape Theme

Asian Garden
Butterfly Garden
Children's Garden
Cottage Garden
Cutting Garden
Drought Tolerant Garden
Edible Garden
English Garden
Fairy Garden
Garden for the Blind
Native Garden
Nighttime Garden
Pollinator Garden
Rain Garden
Rock Garden
Shade Garden
Water Garden
Winter Garden

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Resistance To Challenges

Black Walnut
Compaction
Deer
Diseases
Drought
Dry Soil
Erosion
Fire
Foot Traffic
Heat
Heavy Shade
Humidity
Insect Pests
Pollution
Poor Soil
Rabbits
Salt
Slugs
Squirrels
Storm damage
Urban Conditions
Voles
Wet Soil
Wind

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Landscape Location

Coastal
Container
Hanging Baskets
Houseplants
Lawn
Meadow
Naturalized Area
Near Septic
Patio
Pond
Pool/Hardscape
Recreational Play Area
Riparian
Rock Wall
Slope/Bank
Small Space
Vertical Spaces
Walkways
Woodland

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Attracts

Bats
Bees
Butterflies
Frogs
Hummingbirds
Moths
Pollinators
Predatory Insects
Reptiles
Small Mammals
Songbirds
Specialized Bees

Apocynum androsaemifolium: Problems

Allelopathic
Contact Dermatitis
Frequent Disease Problems
Frequent Insect Problems
Invasive Species
Malodorous
Messy
Poisonous to Humans
Problem for Cats
Problem for Children
Problem for Dogs
Problem for Horses
Short-lived
Spines/Thorns
Weak Wood
Weedy